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1.1

The Mozart effect

The effect got its name from a 1993 experiment with college students and a Mozart sonata.

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Does listening to Mozart help?

1Introduction 1.1The Mozart effect 1.2The original experiment 1.3Later evidence 2Discussion

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Does listening to Mozart help?

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1

Introduction

The claim that music makes you smarter began with one short experiment. This paper follows it from that first result to what is left of it today.

1.1

The Mozart effect

The effect got its name from a 1993 experiment with college students and a Mozart sonata. A 2010 meta-analysis of about forty studies later traced most of the gain to publication bias and to the lift any enjoyable music gives, which leaves little of the original effect standing.[2]

1.2

The original experiment

The original report put thirty-six students through a sonata, a relaxation tape and silence, and the lift was gone inside fifteen minutes.[1]

2

Discussion

None of this makes music useless while studying. It moves the explanation from the composer to the listener: a playlist that leaves a student alert and in a good mood does the work the sonata was credited with, and that part is within anyone's control. What it will not do is raise intelligence for the time it plays.

Drafting this paper

Does the Mozart effect hold up? The opening only explains the name.

Researched

Found 6 papers on "Mozart effect replicati…"

Read "Mozart effect-Shmozart effect: A meta-an…"

Added source Mozart effect-Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis

Edited 1.1 The Mozart effect

The 2010 meta-analysis puts most of the original gain down to publication bias, so the opening now says what the effect was and what is left of it. Check the quote holds the claim before you accept.

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1.1

The Mozart effect

The effect got its name from a 1993 experiment with college students and a Mozart sonata. A 2010 meta-analysis of about forty studies later traced most of the gain to publication bias and to the lift any enjoyable music gives, which leaves little of the original effect standing.[2]

1.2

The original experiment

The original report put thirty-six students through a sonata, a relaxation tape and silence, and the lift was gone inside fifteen minutes.[1]

2

Discussion

None of this makes music useless while studying. It moves the explanation from the composer to the listener: a playlist that leaves a student alert and in a good mood does the work the sonata was credited with, and that part is within anyone's control. What it will not do is raise intelligence for the time it plays.

1 of 2

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Sure! The Mozart effect refers to the idea that listening to Mozart can temporarily boost spatial reasoning. It was first reported by Rauscher et al. (1993), though later studies have questioned it.

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1.2

The original experiment

After ten minutes of a Mozart sonata, students scored eight to nine IQ points higher on a spatial reasoning task than after silence.[1]Music and spatial task performanceRauscher et al.,1993NatureOpen “Thus, the IQs of subjects participating in the music condition were 8–9 points above their IQ scores in the other two conditions.”Add source1 source

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1.3

Later evidence

The pooled effect sizes in Table 1 show the sonata and any other music beat silence by about the same margin.

Listened to	Compared with	Effect size, d [95% CI]
Mozart	no music	0.37 [0.23, 0.52]
Other music	no music	0.38 [0.13, 0.63]
Mozart	other music	0.15 [0.02, 0.28]

Table 1. Pooled effect sizes (Cohen’s d, 95% CI) from the 2010 meta-analysis. [2]Mozart effect-Shmozart effect: A meta-analysisPietschnig et al.,2010IntelligenceOpen “the overall estimated effect is small in size (d = 0.37, 95% CI [0.23, 0.52]) for samples exposed to the Mozart sonata KV 448 and samples that had been exposed to a non-musical stimulus or no stimulus at all preceding spatial task performance. Additionally, calculation of effect sizes for samples exposed to any other musical stimulus and samples exposed to a non-musical stimulus or no stimulus at all yielded effects similar in strength (d = 0.38, 95% CI [0.13, 0.63]), whereas there was a negligible effect between the two music conditions (d = 0.15, 95% CI [0.02, 0.28]).”Add source1 source

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1.1

The Mozart effect

The effect got its name from a 1993 experiment with college students and a Mozart sonata. A 2010 meta-analysis of about forty studies later traced most of the gain to publication bias and to the lift any enjoyable music gives, which leaves little of the original effect standing.[2]

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References

The papers behind the citations above. Check them the way your supervisor will.

Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, C. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi.org/10.1038/365611a0
Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect-Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38(3), 314-323. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.03.001

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